Make `random.Random` thread-safe in `--disable-gil` builds

[colesbury]

Feature or enhancement

random.Random has mutable internal state. We should use the critical section API to make it thread-safe in --disable-gil builds.

For context, here is the change from the nogil-3.12 fork. colesbury/nogil-3.12@9bf62ffc4b. Note that we want to do things a bit differently in CPython 3.13:

1. No need for an extra _PyMutex mutex in RandomObject
2. Use the critical section API. Locking can be added around operations that use Argument Clinic by adding the @critical_section directive as the first line.
3. Compared to nogil-3.12, we want to push the locking "up" to the around the methods. (See the above note 2).

Linked PRs

• gh-112071: Make _random.Random methods thread-safe in --disable-gil builds #112128

[chgnrdv]

The PR is done.